Algonquin College Health Program Assessment (AC-HPAT) Practice Exam

What structure in a cell is responsible for energy production?

1. Ribosome

2. Mitochondria

3. Nucleus

4. Lysosome

The correct answer is: Mitochondria

The mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they play a crucial role in energy production. Their primary function is to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the main energy currency of the cell, through a process called cellular respiration. This process involves the breakdown of glucose and other nutrients in the presence of oxygen, leading to the production of ATP along with carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. Mitochondria have unique features that support their function, such as a double membrane system, an internal matrix, and cristae that increase the surface area for biochemical reactions. This specialized structure enhances their ability to efficiently convert energy stored in food molecules into a usable form for cellular activities. While ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis, the nucleus houses the genetic material and regulates cell activities, and lysosomes are involved in digestion and waste removal within the cell, none of these structures are directly involved in energy production like the mitochondria.